Leukotoxin and lipopolysaccharides combined, in the throes of acute infection, are the virulence factors described as “the lips that deliver the kiss of death.”

Vet Advice: Fatal pneumonia in adult cows

Shipping fever caused by Mannheimia haemolytica is the most important respiratory disease of cattle in North America, particularly in feedlot animals that have been through the stressful marketing and assembly processes (Pathological Basis of Veterinary Disease). M. haemolytica biotype A, serotype 1 is the etiologic agent most commonly responsible for severe pulmonary lesions. Some investigators […] Read more