When the Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) began to muse about requiring a rest stop for cattle after 36 hours of transportation, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC) and Canada’s beef industry funded research to determine whether a rest stop would benefit weaned calves. The research was led by Karen Schwartzkopf-Genswein’s team at AAFC’s Lethbridge Research Station.
Though the research began before the regulations were revised, the regulations were revised before the research could be completed.
Three consecutive research trials conducted in 2018, 2019 and 2020 found that providing a rest stop during long-haul transportation offered no consistent, measurable benefits for animal welfare. A companion project led by Trevor Alexander at AAFC Lethbridge looked at bacterial populations in the respiratory tract of those same calves. In September 2023, this column described how microbiological testing from the 2018 transportation trial found that rested calves had more bacteria associated with bovine respiratory disease (BRD) in their respiratory tract than unrested calves. The microbiological results from the 2019 and 2020 transport trials reports were published recently (Providing a rest stop during transportation affects the respiratory microbiota of beef cattle doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2025.1622241).
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What they did: This report presented the results of the last two long-distance rest-stop transportation trials conducted by AAFC Lethbridge in 2019 and 2020. To recap, in the fall of 2019, 320 newly weaned crossbred steer calves from one ranch were delivered to the research station. They were processed and adapted to the feedlot diet and environment for four weeks to ensure the effects of weaning stress had passed and would not interfere with their response to transportation. After four weeks, they were loaded, transported for 36 hours, and unloaded. Half of the calves were immediately reloaded and hauled for four more hours to the research facility. The other half were rested in pens with bedding, feed and water for 12 hours, reloaded and hauled the final four hours to the research facility.
In the 2020 trial, 328 freshly weaned crossbred steer calves from two ranches were processed at the research station but not allowed to acclimate to the feedlot environment. They were loaded and hauled for 20 hours (roughly corresponding to a trip from Lethbridge to Thunder Bay) and unloaded. Half of the steers from each ranch were immediately reloaded and hauled for another 15 hours (roughly the time from Thunder Bay to Kincardin, Ont.) to the research facility. The other half were rested in pens with bedding, feed and water for eight hours before being reloaded and hauled the final 15 hours to the research facility.
During both the 2019 and 2020 trials, deep nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from 12 rested and 12 unrested steers multiple times: before they were loaded the first time, when they were unloaded after the first leg of the trip, before they were reloaded after the rest period, after the final unloading at the research station and at several subsequent points over the following four weeks. The research team identified the relative proportions of different bacteria in these samples and assessed whether providing a rest stop affected the prevalence of different respiratory bacteria.
What they learned: The most abundant bacteria identified in all nasopharyngeal samples included Mannheimia, Pasteurella, Histophilus, Mycoplasma (all of which are known to be involved in bovine respiratory disease), Moraxella (which is sometimes identified in BRD cases) and Streptococcus (which may predispose calves to BRD by producing an enzyme which will break down the mucus that protects the lining of the respiratory tract from disease-causing pathogens). All of these bacteria, except Pasteurella, were more abundant in samples collected from rested calves than in samples collected from unrested calves.
So what does all this mean to you? None of the three transport trials showed that providing a rest stop during long-distance transport provided any clear or consistent benefits for the health or welfare of feeder calves. The three microbiome studies now provide consistent evidence that rest stops may pose a risk to the respiratory health of calves. The experimental groups were too small to measure statistically meaningful differences in actual illness due to BRD, but more rested calves were treated for BRD than unrested calves in both 2019 (11 rested versus seven unrested) and 2020 (17 rested versus eight unrested).
The bottom line is that Canada’s beef industry and AAFC funded these studies to generate the information the Canadian Food Inspection Agency would need to formulate science-based updates to the regulations governing cattle transport in Canada. Unfortunately, the CFIA imposed the requirement to provide a minimum eight-hour rest stop after 36 hours of transport before the research could be completed. We remain hopeful that the CFIA will take this science into consideration and rethink the rest stop requirement. It’s not too late to do the right thing.
The Beef Cattle Research Council is a not-for-profit industry organization funded by the Canadian Beef Cattle Check-Off. The BCRC partners with Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, provincial beef industry groups and governments to advance research and technology transfer supporting the Canadian beef industry’s vision to be recognized as a preferred supplier of healthy, high-quality beef, cattle, and genetics. Learn more about the BCRC at www.beefresearch.ca. c
